Modeling height-diameter relationship for artificial monoculture Metasequoia glyptostroboides in sub-tropic coastal megacity Shanghai,China

Tree height is a key variable in forest monitoring studies and for forest management. However, tree height measurement is time consuming, and the recommended procedure is to use estimates from tree height (H) - diameter at breast height (DBH) models. Increasingly, H-DBH models are being developed for urban forests, providing tools to forest management and ecosystem services estimation. Here, we compared model forms and approaches for predicting H as a function of DBH and additional stand level covariates variables. Four model forms were evaluated: (i) basic models (which only used DBH as predictor variable); (ii) generalized models (which used DBH and other predictor variables based on the best basic model); (iii) a mixed-effects model based on the best basic model; and (iv) a mixed-effects model based on the generalized model. Several sampling designs aimed at minimizing height measurement were tested in terms of accuracy and applicability. Taking predicted accuracy and investigation cost into account, we recommend generalized non-linear mixed-effects model (NLME) when there were two or less tree height measurements taken in a given stand. The basic NLME model could be calibrated when there were 3 or more tree height measurements, depending on the required level of accuracy and investigation cost. Additionally, we first reported that soil pH as a covariate variable in H-DBH model and our generalized NLME model implied that the difference in the H-DBH relationship caused by pH varies among different stands. This finding may be attributable to differing biological properties of the similar alkaline tolerance species.     

The effect of random and density‐dependent variation in sampling efficiency on variance of abundance estimates from fishery surveys

Abundance indices (AIs) provide information on population abundance and trends over time, while AI variance (AIV) provides information on reliability or quality of the AI. AIV is an important output from surveys and is commonly used in formal assessments of survey quality, in survey comparison studies, and in stock assessments. However, uncertainty in AIV estimates is poorly understood and studies on the precision and bias in survey AIV estimates are lacking. Typically, AIV estimates are “design based” and are derived from sampling theory under some aspect of randomized samples. Inference on population density in these cases can be confounded by unaccounted process errors such as those due to variable sampling efficiency (q). Here, we simulated fish distribution and surveys to assess the effect of q and variance in q on design‐based estimates of AIV. Simulation results show that the bias and precision of AIV depend on the mean q and variance in q. We conclude that to fully evaluate the reliability of AI, both observation error and variability in q must be accounted for when estimating AIV. A decrease in mean q and an increase in the variance in q results in increased bias and decreased precision in survey AIV estimates. These effects are likely small in surveys with mean q ≥ 1. However, for surveys where q ≤ 0.5, these effects can be large. Regardless of the survey type, AIV estimates can be improved with knowledge of q and variance in q.     

揉碎玉米秸秆螺旋-气力耦合输送装置设计

为解决揉碎玉米秸秆螺旋输送过程中的生产率低、功耗大、易堵塞及机件磨损严重等问题,该文设计了一种螺旋-气力耦合输送装置,并以揉碎玉米秸秆为原料开展了试验研究。螺旋-气力耦合输送装置主要由螺旋输送装置和气力辅助输送系统组成。其中气力辅助输送系统主要由喷射角度可调的Y型喷嘴座、喷嘴、最大出气压力为1.6 MPa的空气压缩机、直径为10 mm的PPR(polypropylene random)管和15°弯管及压力表等组成。螺旋输送装置主要由机壳、螺旋叶片和中心轴等组成,其关键参数为:螺旋叶片外径为250 mm,中心轴直径为60 mm,螺距为335 mm,螺旋槽用U型机壳。以比功耗、轴向推力、螺旋叶片及机壳各部位所受压力作为输送性能指标,对施加气流前后各部位所受压力进行测试。结果表明,当螺距为335 mm、螺旋轴转速为100 r/min、喂入量为70 kg/min、气流速度为10～50 m/s时,随着气流速度的增大,输送装置的比功耗先减小后增大。当气流速度为20 m/s时比功耗最小,为10.78 W/kg,比无气流时的比功耗减小了8.3%,轴向推力、叶片和机壳各部位所受压力随着气流速度的增大而减小,且均小于不加气流时的值。     

望远摄影测树仪设计与试验

以摄影测量学原理、图像处理技术原理、测树学原理为理论基础,设计望远摄影测树仪,该仪器由PDA模块、远程EDM模块、长焦CCD镜头模块和云台组成,测量时获取倾角、方位角、远程距离及图像信息等参数,通过在Android Studio 2.1开发环境下集成并利用Java语言进行汇编实现树高测量、胸径测量、微样地林分测量等功能。通过试验验证,树高测量精度达93.32%,胸径测量精度达96.49%,林分平均高度测量精度达94.47%,林分平均胸径测量精度达91.68%,林分密度测量精度达86.04%,林分蓄积量测量精度达82.64%,解决了不可到达点观测难度高、看得见测不到等问题。     

3WZF-400A型果园风送喷雾机改进设计

3WZF-400A型果园风送喷雾机通过安装直线导流板引导了气流速度场，在一定程度上解决了传统轴流式风送喷雾机农药浪费以及防治效果差的问题，但仍无法使靶标区域的气流速度分布与作物冠层轮廓匹配。本文以计算流体力学为手段，对该型喷雾机进行了改进设计。通过设置不同数量和角度的短导流板进一步引导喷雾机气流场，并建立了对应的气流速度场分布模型。通过对比选取最佳的改进设计方案，并进行了试验验证与喷雾性能测试。研究结果表明，当短导流板数量为2，喷雾机导流板角度组合为45°、15°、-15°和5°,且风机风速为20m/s时，在靶标处的气流速度分布能够与作物冠形轮廓匹配，所建立的模型能够较准确地模拟喷雾机实际气流速度场的分布。在此基础上以雾滴覆盖率为指标评价了改进设计后的喷雾机喷雾性能，并与改进前的喷雾机喷雾性能作对比，结果表明雾滴能够在垂直平面内按照作物冠形合理分布。     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

弹齿滚筒式捡拾装置的参数化设计与仿真

随着我国畜牧业的飞速发展,人们对牧草收获机械提出了更高的要求,特别是在内蒙古地区,牧草收获的数量多少、品质优劣直接决定了广大农民的经济收入,因此对牧草收获机械的研究变得尤为重要。为此,以9 YG-1.8型圆捆机的弹齿滚筒式捡拾装置为例,研究了盘形凸轮的基圆半径、滚筒转速和曲柄长度3个参数对弹齿速度变化的影响,进而分析其对捡拾效果的影响。本研究运用Solid Works进行三维建模,使用VB6.0软件进行编程,实现盘形凸轮的参数化设计;使用Solid Works自带插件COSMOSMotion对弹齿滚筒式捡拾装置进行运动学仿真,对其中主要参数进行分析,最终得出单一参数变化对捡拾效果的影响。在Solid Works下运用VB进行二次开发可为其它机械运动分析提供了一种新的研究思路方法。     

农业机器人切削过程仿真分析——基于计算机辅助设计

利用6自由度机器人切削加工平台,讨论了该机器人与计算机辅助设计工具的数据链结构,研究了其运动控制过程,并对设计结果进行有效优化。通过介绍切削加工控制系统整体结构,构建了机器人运动学模型,并根据计算机辅助设计工具,对机器人后续优化过程的坐标转换、各关节正逆运动学计算以及机器人运动控制程序生成过程进行了深入研究。同时,对系统进行了ADAMS软件仿真,并完成了3D样件的加工。试验结果表明:该系统可以自动生成机器人运动控制程序的加工指令,直接驱动机器人末端执行刀具的运动,实现零部件的加工生产,可行性高。     

三维CAD技术在机械设计中的应用

现代计算机在技术和性能上越发成熟,再加之网络的普及和信息的智能化处理技术的提高,三维CAD技术本身也正逐步成熟,因此,正确地把握CAD技术的发展趋势对我国机械工程中的设计工作具有深远的意义.     

三官洞狩猎场景观生态规划与设计研究

在实地调查的基础上,运用景观生态学的有关理论和规划原则,结合三官洞狩猎场的实际情况,对开展合理的景观生态规划进行了探讨。